ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

DEFINITION

             An Environmental Management System (EMS) is a framework that helps an organization achieve its environmental goals through consistent review, evaluation, and improvement of its environmental performance. That will identify opportunities for improving and implementing the environmental performance of the organization.

An EMS encourages an organization to continuously improve its environmental performance. The system follows a repeating cycle (see figure 1). The organization first commits to an environmental policy, then uses its policy as a basis for establishing a plan, which sets objectives and targets for improving environmental performance. The next step is implementation. After that, the organization evaluates its environmental performance to see whether the objectives and targets are being met. If targets are not being met, corrective action is taken. The results of this evaluation are then reviewed by top management to see if the EMS is working. Management revisits the environmental policy and sets new targets in a revised plan. The company then implements the revised plan. The cycle repeats, and continuous improvement occurs. The most commonly used framework for an EMS is the one developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for the ISO 14001 standard Exit. Established in 1996, this framework is the official international standard for an EMS which is based on the Plan-Do-Check-Act methodology;

Plan

1.       Step 1: Define Organization's Goals for EMS

       The first step in EMS planning is to decide why you are pursuing the development of an EMS.

2.       Step 2: Secure Top Management Commitment

explain the strengths and limitations of your current approach and how those limitations can affect the organization's financial and environmental performances

3.       Step 3: Select An EMS Champion

The champion should be a "systems thinker" (ISO 9000 or ISO 14001 experience can be a plus, but is not necessary), should have the time to commit to the EMS-building process, and must have top management support.

4.       Step 4: Build An Implementation Team

A team with representatives from key management functions (such as engineering, finance, human resources, production and/or service) can identify and assess issues, opportunities, and existing processes

5.       Step 5: Hold Kick-Off Meeting

Once the team has been selected, hold a kick-off meeting to discuss the organization's objectives in implementing an EMS, the initial steps that need to be taken and the roles of team members

6.       Step 6: Conduct Preliminary Review

      The next step is for the team to conduct a preliminary review of your current compliance and other environmental programs/systems, and to compare these against the criteria for your EMS (such as ISO 14001:2015)

7.       Step 7: Prepare Budget and Schedule

Based on the results of the preliminary review, prepare a project plan and budget. Look for potential "early successes" that can help to build momentum and reinforce the benefits of the EMS.

8.       Step 8: Secure Resources, Assistance

       In some cases, there may be outside funding or other types of assistance that you can use (from a trade association, a state technical assistance office, etc.).

9.       Step 9: Involve Employees

     Employees are a great source of knowledge on environmental, and health and safety issues related to their work areas as well as on the effectiveness of current processes and procedures

10.   Step 10: Monitor and Communicate Progress

      As you build the EMS, be sure to regularly monitor your progress against the goals and project plan, and communicate this progress within the organization

Do

1.       Step 1: Identify Legal and Other Requirements

      A first step in the EMS-building process is understanding the legal and other requirements that apply to your products, activities and services.

2.       Step 2: Identify Environmental Aspects and Related Products, Operations, and Activities

      you should assess how your organization interacts with the environment. Identify environmental aspects and impacts, and determine which are significant

3.       Step 3: Define Views of Interested Parties

     Gather information on the views of your "stakeholders" or interested parties. Gathering this information allows you to consider stakeholder input in the development of your environmental policy

4.       Step 4: Prepare Environmental Policy

Using the information developed in the previous three steps allows your organization to prepare a policy that is relevant to the organization and the key issues that it faces.

5.       Step 5: Define Key Roles and Responsibilities

Once the key roles and responsibilities have been defined, obtain the input of these individuals in the next step of the process - establishing objectives and targets.

6.       Step 6: Establish Objectives and Targets

You have identified the operations and activities related to environmental aspects and impacts, and key roles and responsibilities. This information will help you to determine the relevant functions within the organization for achieving objectives and targets.

7.       Step 7: Develop Environmental Management Programs, Identify Operational Controls, and Identify Monitoring and Measurement Needs

You are ready to tackle several EMS elements simultaneously. These elements include the design of environmental management programs (EMPs), the initial identification of necessary operational controls, and the initial identification of monitoring and measurement needs.

8.       Step 8: Establish Corrective Action, Document Control, and Records Management Processes

You need an effective way to manage the records that your EMS generates. Establish procedures for corrective/preventive action, document control, and records management.

9.       Step 9: Establish Operational Controls & Monitoring Processes

Use a template for the development of work instructions or standard operating procedures. Employees that work in relevant operations or activities can provide support here.

10.   Step 10: Define Job-Specific Roles and Responsibilities

Roles and responsibilities should address the specific operational controls and monitoring processes discussed above

11.   Step 11: Plan and Conduct Initial Employee Awareness

Initial employee awareness training should be conducted to promote understanding of the organization's EMS efforts and the progress made to date

12.   Step 12: Establish Other System-Level Procedures

At this point, you can establish any other procedures required for the EMS. These other system-level procedures might include, for example:

a.      employee training and awareness,

b.      internal and external communication,

c.      emergency preparedness and response,

d.      EMS auditing, and

e.      management review.

13.   Step 13: Prepare EMS Documentation

describe the processes developed, define the roles and responsibilities, as well as other EMS elements. It is important to describe the links among system elements and provide direction to other system documents.

14.   Step 14: Plan and Conduct Specific Employee Training

you are ready to conduct specific employee EMS training. At this point, you should have sufficient EMS processes in place to begin to "Check" your EMS

CHECK: Checking, including monitoring and corrective action

1.       Conduct Internal EMS Audits

The process of auditing involves reviewing the outputs of a process and comparing them with the plans for the process to see if what is occurring is what was planned. In order to do this you need to look at a process, so understanding the process approach is an inherent part of the audit process.

ACT: Reviewing, including progress reviews and acting to make needed changes to the EMS

1.       Conduct Management Reviews

Use the results of your internal audits (along with other information on the EMS) to conduct management reviews. The management of your organization should consider the need for any changes to the EMS based on your review, and make assignments for any revisions needed. Such assignments should be consistent with the roles and responsibilities previously established. After acting on the results of the management review, tasks performed in the "Plan" stage should be revisited, thus continuing the "full circle" process.

ABOUT ISO

ISO is an independent, non-governmental international organization with a membership of 162 national standards bodies. Through its members, it brings together experts to share knowledge and develop voluntary, consensus-based, market relevant International Standards that support innovation and provide solutions to global challenges. ISO 14001:2004 specifies requirements for an environmental management system to enable an organization to develop and implement a policy and objectives which take into account legal requirements and other requirements to which the organization subscribes, and information about significant environmental aspects. It applies to those environmental aspects that the organization identifies as those which it can control and those which it can influence. It does not itself state specific environmental performance criteria.

ISO 14001:2004 is applicable to any organization that wishes to establish, implement, maintain and improve an environmental management system, to assure itself of conformity with its stated environmental policy, and to demonstrate conformity with ISO 14001:2004 by

a) making a self-determination and self-declaration, or

b) seeking confirmation of its conformance by parties having an interest in the organization, such as customers, or

c) seeking confirmation of its self-declaration by a party external to the organization, or

d) seeking certification/registration of its environmental management system by an external organization.

All the requirements in ISO 14001:2004 are intended to be incorporated into any environmental management system. The extent of the application will depend on factors such as the environmental policy of the organization, the nature of its activities, products and services and the location where and the conditions in which it functions. Here is following standards are relevant for EMS.

·         ISO-14004: 2004 – environmental management systems- general guidelines on principles. Systems and support techniques

·         ISO-19011: 2011 – guidelines for auditing management systems

·         ISO-14031: 1999 – environmental management, environmental performance evaluation. Guidelines and ISO/TR 14032, environmental management

·         ISO/TR 10013- guidelines for quality management system documentation

·         ISO 14020 series- Environmental labels and declarations (ISO 14020, ISO 14021, ISO 14024 and ISO/TR 14025)

·         ISO 14040 series, environmental management- integrating environmental aspects into product design and development

BENEFIT OF EMS

Companies that are proactive in implementing an effective EMS seek multiple benefits:

·         Improved regulatory compliance requirements

·         Open markets and reduced trade barriers

·         Reduction in liability and risks

·         Enhanced credibility among customers and peers

·         Reduction of harmful impacts to the environment

Ø  Preamble to the National Environmental Policy Act (1969)

An environmental impact analysis is typically conducted to assess the potential impact a proposed development project will have on the natural and social environment. This may include an assessment of both the short- and long-term effects on the physical environment, such as air, water and/or noise pollution; as well as effects on local services, living and health standards, and aesthetics. In enacting the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969, Congress required all agencies of the Federal government to give equal consideration to environmental consequences as well as to economic motivations and technological feasibility when making a decision that could affect the quality of the human and natural environment.

Ø  One provision of the law requires that an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) be written for major federal actions and made available to all, including to the general public. An EIS must include: the environmental impacts of a proposed action; unavoidable adverse environmental impacts; alternatives—including no action; the relationship between short-term uses of the environment and maintenance of long-term ecological productivity; irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources; and secondary/cumulative effects of implementing the proposed action. Now, most state and local governments also require that environmental impact analyses be conducted prior to any major development projects.

stages of the EIA

Identifying Alternatives  

Part II of Schedule 4 of the regulations requires the applicant to provide a reasoned decision of the main alternatives to development. These requirements raise a number of important new issues about planning decision making. It suggests for example that a developer would honestly seek to examine other development sites which may not be in their control. It also suggests that in the case of waste disposal, consideration should be given to more sustainable solutions in sectors outside the operational range of the company. In practice therefore the assessment of alternatives is at present fairly meaningless since developers will not identify an option likely to make profits for a competitor.  

Scoping  

Scoping is simply the part of the process when the applicant and the LPA decided what issues the EIA will investigate. The emphasis should be on the 'main' or 'significant' effects. Other issues may be of little or no significance for the particular development and will need only brief treatment to indicate that their relevance has been considered. Regulation 10 of the Regulations allows developers to obtain a formal scoping opinion from an LPA on what should be included in an ES. This is a controversial move because it throws a considerable administrative burden on planning officers. It also means that responsibility for failing to include an important issue rests as much with planning officers as it does with the applicant.  

Baseline  

The scoping exercise enables the applicant to establish the existing conditions or standards referred to as the baseline against which the effects of the proposed development may be judged. This can be crucial stage for communities who may have local knowledge which is highly relevant to understanding the base line conditions.  

Consultation  

As well as consulting the local authority anyone conducting an EIA is obliged to consult a set of statutory consultees. These names which included government agencies and laid down in regulation and are obliged to provide information which they held and which might be

EIA: a campaigner's guide

relevant to the EIA. In practice there are some key consultees such as the Environment Agency who deal with a whole range of pollution issues and flood defence and English Nature and English Heritage who deal with biodiversity and archaeology respectively.  

The consultation bodies are only required to provide information already in their possession usually held on public registers. They are not required to carry out any research on behalf of the applicant. A reasonable charge may be made to cover the cost of making the information available to the applicant.  

In addition to the statutory consultation many of those working with third parties have taken the directive requirement for consultation as applying to the whole community placing a burden on the developers negotiating with local communities. In reality while this may be best practice UK EIA regulations do not require any additional level of public consultation. The applicant may however choose to consult other local organisations with a specific interest particularly where local groups or societies may have prepared species schedules and carry out regular monitoring.   

Publicity  

For an ES accompanying a planning application the publicity by the local planning authority consists of the following:  

• a copy of the ES is put on Part I of the Register of Planning Applications available for inspection by members of the public;  

• a site notice in the prescribed form is displayed on or near the application site for not less than 21 days;  

• an advertisement is put in a newspaper circulating in the locality of the application site.   Where the development involved is likely to be controversial the planning authority may provide copies of the ES in local public libraries or at local authority offices or other convenient locations.  

If an ES is submitted after the Planning Application it is the applicant’s responsibility to organise publicity by:  

• a notice that should be put in a newspaper circulating in the locality of the application site 

• a site notice on the application site containing the same information as the newspaper advertisement, in a position where it is visible to members of the public without trespassing. The site notice should remain in position for not less than seven days in the month immediately preceding the submission of the ES.   A certificate that the site notice has been posted together with a copy of the newspaper advertisement should be supplied to the local planning authority with the ES.  

Ø  In Indonesia, law of environment impact assessment arranged in several legislation.

1.       Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 tahun 2009- Environmental Protection and Management

2.       Peraturan Pemerintah No. 27 Tahun 1999- Environmental Impact Analysis

3.       Keputusan Presiden Nomor 10 Tahun 2000- the Environmental Impact Management Agency

4.       Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup No.24 Tahun 2009- Environmental Impact Analysis Document Assessment Guide

5.       Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup No. 05 Tahun 2008- Working Procedures Audit Commission of Environmental Impact Assessment

6.       Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 8 Tahun 2006- Guidelines for Preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment

Design for Environment

In the era of mass production, when all activities tend to be planned in detail, design becomes a powerful instrument by which mankind forges the world we live in. The reach of this instrument clearly also extends to the management of environmental problems.

Having examined the main concepts of Industrial Ecology, it is possible to consider the interpretation of these concepts in the context of the design of industrial processes and products. Design, essentially consisting of molding material and energy flows for the purposes of satisfying the needs of humankind, ultimately becomes a process of transformation when the needs generating it are contextualized in the patterns and flows of natural systems, assimilating the organizing principles of the ecosphere.

The analysis of the main factors influencing the environmental efficiency of industrial systems, allows the identification of the contexts most appropriate for a design intervention directed at environmental protection. In particular, it underlines the importance of product and process design on the efficiency of working, re-collecting, recycling materials, and preventing pollution. Due to its great potential, therefore, design becomes one of the most influential factors in the development of sustainable production systems and products.

I.    DEFINTION

       Design for Environment (DfE) is a method to minimize or eliminate environmental impacts of a product over its life cycle that maintains or improves product quality and cost while reducing environmental impacts focuses on the production and distribution of its products to a closed-loop life cycle. Initial guidelines for a DfE approach were written in 1990 by East Meets West, a New York-based non-governmental organization. It became a global movement targeting design initiatives and incorporating environmental motives to improve product design in order to minimize health and environmental impacts by incorporating it from design stage all the way to the manufacturing process so it helps designers make better informed choices and to better appreciate the impact of their decision on the product environmental performance

II.    MAIN CONCEPTS

1.      Design for environmental processing and manufacturing

This ensures that raw material extraction (mining, drilling, etc.), processing (processing reusable materials, metal melting, etc.) and manufacturing are done using materials and processes which are not dangerous to the environment or the employees working on said processes. This includes the minimization of waste and hazardous by-products, air pollution, energy expenditure and other factors.

2.      Design for environmental packaging

This ensures that the materials used in packaging are environmentally friendly, which can be achieved through the reuse of shipping products, elimination of unnecessary paper and packaging products, efficient use of materials and space, use of recycled and/or recyclable materials

3.      Design for disposal or reuse

The end-of-life of a product is very important, because some products emit dangerous chemicals into the air, ground and water after they are disposed of in a landfill. Planning for the reuse or refurbishing of a product will change the types of materials that would be used, how they could later be disassembled and reused, and the environmental impacts such materials have.

4.      Design for energy efficiency

The design of products to reduce overall energy consumption throughout the product's life

III.    SUCCESS PARAMETER

1.      Supportive Environmental Strategy and Objectives

Companies must have a clear environmental strategy, with defined objectives and priorities to embed environmental considerations in the product creation process. Environmental improvement objectives for the product should be based on relevant internal and external requirements and expectations as recommended by environmental management systems standards.

2.      Raise Awareness

Raising awareness amongst employees of a company’s environmental impacts and objectives and actions to control and reduce them is a key part of an environmental management system. Opportunities should be taken as part of the awareness raising programme to introduce the life cycle thinking concept, the product life cycle impacts, how to reduce these impacts and who can contribute.

3.      Appropriate Tools

In order to reduce the environmental impact of a designed product, designers must have suitable information made available for a reasonable expenditure of its time. A characteristic crucial to the effective implementation of these tools is its usability by designers. Tools constitute acrucial means of communication between environmental experts and designers and ensure that the relevant ecological information and data concerning the product is transferred and well interpreted during development. When developing products, designers have to consider the consequences of their decisions in a number of fields ranging from economy, reliability and ease of change to the environmental impact

IV.  IMPLEMENTATION

The implementation of Environmental Management System should provide the basic framework needed for a successful introduction of Design for Environment. Environmental policy and objectives should be the guarantee of commitment from senior management. The training programme should ensure a good level of environmental awareness across the key functions and personnel. All critical procedures should be in place to allow the identification of impacts, the maintenance of the environmental management programmes, and support adequate audit and reviewing processes as appropriate. However, the implementation of DfE requires major focus on the design process and how it can contribute to the reduction of a product environmental impact. Whether the subject of environmental improvement is a product, a process or each single flow of resources, DFE is implemented in design practice through three successive phases:

1.    Scoping, consists of defining the target of the intervention (product, process, resource flow), identifying possible alternatives, and determining the depth of analysis

2.  Data Gathering, consists of acquiring and evaluating the more significant environmental data

3.  Data Translation, consists of transforming the results from the preliminary analysis data into tools (from simple guidelines and design procedures to more sophisticated software systems assisting the design team to apply environmental data in the design process)

However, it should be noted here that these tools are based on a wide-ranging series of suggestions and guidelines for the designer which can be summarized as follows:

·      Reducing the use of materials, using recycled and recyclable materials, reducing toxic or polluting materials

·      Maximizing the number of replaceable or recyclable components

·      Reducing emissions and waste in production processes

·      Increasing energy efficiency in phases of production and use

·      Increasing reliability and maintainability of the system

·      Facilitating the exploitation of materials and recovery of resources by planning the disassembly of components

·      Extending the product’s useful life

·      Planning strategies for the recovery of resources at end-of-life, facilitating reuse, remanufacturing and recycling, and reducing waste

·      Controlling and limiting the economic costs incurred by design interventions aimed at improving the environmental performance of the product

·      Respecting current legal constraints and evaluating future regulations in preparation

Applying these guidelines in relation to the main phases of the product’s life cycle, as a general rule it is possible to obtain useful information and to explore the whole set of environmental opportunities for an eco-efficient intervention in the product design and development process.

PENCEMARAN AIR

Times magazine mengabarkan bahwa
kematian mencapai 16% yang disebabkan oleh polusi. Studi baru yang diterbitkan
dalam jurnal The Lancet dan ditulis oleh lebih dari 40 pakar kesehatan dan
lingkungan internasional, menggunakan data dari Global Burden of Disease,
sebuah studi internasional yang meneliti kecenderungan populasi dan
memperkirakan angka kematian akibat penyakit utama dan penyebabnya,
memperkirakan jumlah orang yang meninggal akibat polusi, salah satunya polusi
air dimana polusi air, yang mencakup kontaminasi oleh hal-hal seperti sanitasi
yang tidak higienis. Juga ditemukan fakta bahwa juga menemukan bahwa 92%
kematian terkait polusi terjadi di negara berpenghasilan rendah dan menengah, para
periset mengatakan bahwa satu sampai dari empat kematian dapat dikaitkan dengan
polusi. Negara-negara yang menanggung beban penyakit terbesar akibat polusi
juga negara yang berkembang pesat secara ekonomi. Para penulis mencatat bahwa
polusi air dan udara dapat lebih umum terjadi di negara-negara pada tahap awal
pengembangan industri, namun peningkatan polusi yang signifikan tidak perlu
menjadi norma. Efek polusi cenderung tidak proporsional mempengaruhi populasi
miskin, karena mereka cenderung lebih terpapar bahan kimia beracun di udara dan
air di sumber di dekat rumah atau di tempat kerja.





APA ITU POLUSI AIR?


                Polusi air dapat didefinisikan dengan berbagai cara. Biasanya, ini berarti satu atau
lebih zat telah terbentuk di air sedemikian rupa sehingga menyebabkan masalah
bagi hewan atau manusia. Polusi air adalah tentang kuantitas: berapa banyak zat
yang tercemar dilepaskan dan seberapa besar volume air yang dilepaskan yang mengakibatkan
dampak buruk seperti bahaya terhadap sumber daya hayati, bahaya terhadap
kesehatan manusia, halangan terhadap aktivitas kelautan, termasuk penangkapan
ikan, penurunan kualitas untuk penggunaan air laut dan pengurangan fasilitas




APA SAJA MACAM- MACAM PENCEMARAN AIR?


a)      Pencemaran Mikroorganisme Air



Bukan hanya limbah yang dapat dilihat oleh kasat
mata saja yang mampu mencemari air namun juga beberapa mikoorganisme yang tidak
kasat mata. Beberapa mikroorganisme seperti virus, bakteri, kuman, protozoa dan
parasit kerap kali juga mampu membuat pencemaran pada air. Berbagai
mikroorganisme tersebut terdapat di dalam air sebagai hasil dari buangan limbah
padat lainnya seperti limbah  dari rumah
tangga, pertanian, rumah sakit, industri dan limbah lainnya. adanya berbagai
kuman di dalam air ini sangat berbahaya bagi orang yang menggunakan air
tersebut karena sangat rawan menyebabkan berbagai jenis penyakit. 





b)      Pencemaran dari Bahan Anorganik Nutrisi
Tanaman



Saat ini para pelaku pertanian sudah banyak
menggunakan pupuk berbahan kimia sebagai pengusir hama dan penyubur tanaman.
Hal ini sudah dilakukan sejak lama dan oleh banyak petani namun, dampak
negatifnya yaitu dapat mencemari air di sungai, danau hingga laut dengan
menggunakan zat fosfat yang ada di dalam pupuk tersebut





c)       Pencemaran Bahan Kimia Anorganik dan
Organik



Adanya berbagai bahan kimia anorganic di dalam air
dapat membuat rasa dari air tersebut berubah dan sangat disarankan untuk tidak
dikonsumsi. Bahan kimia anorganik tersebut misalnya saja logam, garam dan asam.
Bahan kimia organic yang sering digunakan oleh banyak orang misalnya saja
deterjen, minyak, pestisida, larutan pembersih dan pestisida jika terlarut
dalam air juga bisa menyebabkan kematian pada ikan yang hidup di air tersebut.
Setidaknya terdapat sekitar 700 jenis bahan kimia organic yang terdapat di
dalam permukaan air dan jika terus dikonsumsi tanpa ada pemasakan yang benar
akan menimbulkan berbagai jenis penyakit





 APA DAMPAK- DAMPAK DARI POLUSI AIR?



·        Kehidupan organisme dan ekosistem yang ada di dalam wilayah air tercemar 
tersebut akan mengalami gangguan bahkan kerusakan
karena kadar oksigen di dalam air menjadi berkurang drastic.


·        menyebabkan pendangkalan air baik itu di danau dan sungai dan hal ini sangat
berbahaya terutama jika musim hujan karena bisa menimbulkan banjir


·        Dalam jangka panjang jika air tersebut terus
dikonsumsi maka dapat menyebabkan resiko terkena berbagai penyakit kanker dan
juga resiko bayi cacat lahir.



·        Terjadinya mutasi sel di dalam tubuh yang akan
menyebabkan kanker dan leukemia.


BAGAIMANA SOLUSI DAN ALTENATIF DARI MENCEMARAN AIR?  

               Sungai, danau, akuifer, dan sumber air lainnya bukanlah sumber daya tak terbatas  

   yang dapat menangani apa pun yang kita keluarkan atau buang. Air ini membutuhkan
                perlindungan. kita harus berpikir secara kritis ketika menggunakan suatu sumber
                yang terbatas dimana suatu saat nanti akan habis apabila kita tidak mencari
                solusi dan alternative yang tepat. 


    Berbagai solusi dan alternative dapat dirangkum sebagai berikut:


a)     Perawatan Limbah yang Tepat


      Di beberapa negara berkembang dan daerah
miskin, limbah dibuang langsung ke badan air tanpa menjalani perawatan atau
pembersihan apapun.  Sebagai cara untuk
mengurangi beban pencemaran ke nol, ada kebutuhan untuk proses pembersihan
rekayasa yang lebih maju. Beberapa negara maju memiliki pabrik pengolahan
limbah dengan sistem ekstra untuk menghilangkan patogen dan nutrisi. Daerah
lain harus meniru strategi ini untuk mengurangi beban polutan limbah sampai
nol.


    Pemeliharaan berkelanjutan termasuk penggantian
dan perbaikan infrastruktur pengolahan limbah yang bocor dan rusak. Juga mengurangi
kelebihan muatan hidrolik dengan meningkatkan kapasitas pengangkutan volume
kotoran di titik pengumpulan pusat. Pengelolaan limbah juga harus menggabungkan
pengobatan dan pembersihan limpasan air hujan yang mengandung berbagai
kontaminan, aspek yang biasanya terbengkalai dalam negara berkembang dan
beberapa negara maju. Tangki septik rumah tangga harus memastikan pra-perawatan
air limbah sebelum melakukan infiltrat ke dalam tanah.



b)     Praktek Pertanian Hijau


     Petani dapat memanfaatkan metode
pengendalian erosi dan sedimen untuk membatasi arus limpasan dan menahan tanah
di lahan pertanian mereka. Teknik praktik pertanian hijau seperti rotasi tanaman,
mulsa, penanaman tanaman tahunan, pembajakan kontur, dan pemasangan pagar
lumpur dapat meminimalkan dampaknya. Petani juga dapat merumuskan dan
menerapkan rencana pengelolaan hara untuk mengurangi aplikasi nutrisi berlebih
sehingga mengurangi potensi polusi fosfat dan nitrat. Dampak penerapan
pestisida dan herbisida dapat dikelola dengan menggunakan teknik pengelolaan
hama terpadu (PHT) seperti pengendalian hama biologis untuk mengendalikan hama




c)       Pengolahan Air Limbah Industri


    Pemasangan fasilitas pra-perawatan dan
penerapan protokol pengolahan limbah berkualitas dapat membantu menghilangkan
kontaminan racun secara ekstensif. Oleh karena itu, semua industri manufaktur
harus memastikan bahwa mereka memiliki fasilitas perawatan yang dirancang
dengan baik yang dapat mencegah pencemaran air dengan mendinginkan, merawat dan
mengeluarkan semua komponen racun dari limbah yang dibuang ke badan air.





d)     Hukum dan Kebijakan Anti-Pencemaran


    Undang-undang dan peraturan anti polusi di
tingkat lokal, negara bagian dan internasional merupakan langkah yang tepat
untuk mengurangi polusi air. Undang-undang selalu memainkan peran yang sangat
baik untuk memastikan tingkat pencemaran air dijaga seminimal mungkin.
Kebijakan perlindungan lingkungan seperti Undang-Undang Air Bersih bekerja
untuk memastikan bahwa undang-undang anti-polusi diterapkan dan berlaku untuk
semua perairan yang signifikan termasuk air tanah. Undang-undang anti polusi
juga dapat menetapkan langkah-langkah yang memberlakukan pembatasan untuk
masalah pencemaran air utama seperti limbah dan pengolahan limbah industri dan
pengelolaan sampah. Undang-undang ini harus diarahkan ke pasar, industri, rumah
sakit, sekolah, dan dewan daerah.





e)      Upaya Individu dan Kampanye Pendidikan


   
    Ada banyak sekali cara individu dan kelompok dapat mengambil inisiatif atau
mendidik orang tentang bahaya pencemaran air. Itu selalu merupakan titik awal
yang bagus sebagai alat untuk melawan penyebab polusi air yang lebih luas.
Individu dan kelompok sadar akan bahaya pencemaran air dapat mendidik keluarga,
teman, dan bahkan masyarakat secara keseluruhan melalui kampanye bersama dan
advokasi. Contohnya termasuk penggunaan media, institusi, dan forum edukasi
online.